Except for visible and rf frequency ranges, the atmosphere absorbs very strongly and serious astronomy at other wavelengths requires observations from orbiting platforms above the Earth's atmosphere.

The ability to routinely put such observatories in orbit has led to entirely new fields of astronomy devoted to observations at wavelengths other than visible. The following table summarizes some of the characteristic phenomena that are studied at various wavelengths.

(Table adapted from http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/~tlh10/lec12.htm.) Here is a link to NASA SkyView, which allows you to obtain views of different parts of the sky at different wavelenghts.