Plate Tectonics

That the crustal plates of the Earth are in horizontal motion is newly won knowledge. Although the idea has been around for almost a century, it was not generally accepted (indeed, was often considered crackpot) until the last few decades.

The following animation illustrates the drift of the continental plates over the last 750 million years (Source). Here is a better animation (but it is a 1.44 MB animated GIF file).